全民所有制企业改革                

Reform of SOEs  

全民所有制企业改革是中央提高国有企业活力、实施做强做大国有企业方针的重大战略举措。改革开放40年，全民所有制企业改革像一根红线贯穿始终。1978年到1984年之间，全民所有制企业改革主要围绕扩大企业自主权进行试点，这一阶段，在计划制订、产品销售、利润留存等方面，政府给企业下放了一些权力，特别是实行了企业留利制度，使国有企业在发展生产、改善职工集体福利和奖励职工等方面有了一定的财力。1986年12月，国务院做出《关于深化企业改革增强企业活力的若干规定》，全民所有制改革正式启动。规定提出，全民所有制小型企业可积极试行租赁、承包经营，全民所有制大中型企业要实行多种形式的经营责任制，各地可以选择少数有条件的全民所有制大中型企业进行股份制试点。这在更深的层次上解决了作为经济主体的国企缺乏积极性、整体经济效率不高的问题，同时也进一步消除了人们对不同所有制企业间的偏见和歧视。  

Reform of the enterprises that are owned by the whole people, commonly known as "state-owned enterprises" (SOEs), is a major central leadership action designed to invigorate these companies and make them bigger and stronger. This reform has continued throughout China's four decades of reform and opening up.From 1978 to 1984 reform experimented with giving more decision-making power to the enterprises. The government delegated some powers to them for planning, product marketing, and profit retention. The profits reserved gave the SOEs financial resources to develop production, reward their workers, and improve their welfare.In December 1986 the State Council issued a document on further reform to invigorate these enterprises, marking the formal launch of SOE reform. The document permitted small SOEs to try leasing and contracting operations, and large and medium-sized ones to adopt diverse forms of responsibility systems in operating their business. A few large and medium-sized SOEs in different localities were selected to experiment with shareholding systems. On a deeper level this tackled such problems as lack of initiative and low economic efficiency. It also removed public bias and prejudice against ownership models other than state ownership.  

1993年召开的十四届三中全会明确了国有企业改革的方向是建立“产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开、管理科学”的现代企业制度。1997年召开的党的十五大提出，要着眼于搞好整个国有经济，抓好大的，放活小的，对国有企业实施战略性改组。2002年召开的党的十六大提出了深化国有资产管理体制改革的重大任务，要求建立中央政府和地方政府分别代表国家履行出资人职责的制度。2017年召开的党的十九大强调，要完善各类国有资产管理体制，改革国有资本授权经营体制，加快国有经济布局优化、结构调整、战略性重组，促进国有资产保值增值，推动国有资本做强做优做大，有效防止国有资产流失。深化国有企业改革，发展混合所有制经济，培育具有全球竞争力的世界一流企业。简言之，经过40年的改革，全民所有制企业的管理体制和运行机制发生了根本性的变化，运行质量和发展速度有了显著提高，国有经济的控制力和影响力大大增强。  

The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee made it clear that the goal of SOE reform was to introduce a modern corporate structure featuring "clearly established ownership, well-defined power and responsibility, separation of government administration and enterprise management, and scientific management."The 15th CPC National Congress held in 1997 stated that in order to improve the state sector as a whole, China would conduct strategic reorganization of SOEs by managing large enterprises well and relaxing control over small ones.The 16th CPC National Congress set the task of reforming the state assets management system by introducing a system under which the central and the local governments would assume the responsibilities of investors on behalf of the state.The 19th CPC National Congress underscored the need to improve the systems for managing different types of state assets, and reform the system of authorized operation of state capital. In the state-owned sector, China will step up improved distribution, structural adjustment, and strategic reorganization. It will ensure that state assets maintain and increase their value, support state capital assets in becoming stronger, doing better and growing bigger, and prevent any loss of state assets. It will further reform SOEs, develop mixed-ownership economic entities, and turn Chinese enterprises into world-class, globally competitive firms.Thanks to 40 years of reform, SOEs have seen fundamental changes in their management and operation systems, enhanced quality of operation and faster growth, and greater leverage and influence on the part of the state sector of the economy.